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Home  ›  Where Did The Runoff Water In The Oriville Dam Go While The Spillway Was Being Repaired

Where Did The Runoff Water In The Oriville Dam Go While The Spillway Was Being Repaired

Written By Monday, 21 March 2022 Add Comment Edit

Potential failure during 2022 rainstorm

Oroville Dam crisis
Oroville dam spillway 2022-02-11.jpg

View of Oroville Dam's main spillway (eye) and emergency spillway (top), February 11, 2022. The large gully to the right of the main spillway was acquired past water flowing through its broken and damaged physical surface.
Date February 2022
Location Oroville Dam
Coordinates 39°32′33″N 121°29′31″W  /  39.5426°North 121.4920°Due west  / 39.5426; -121.4920 Coordinates: 39°32′33″N 121°29′31″W  /  39.5426°N 121.4920°W  / 39.5426; -121.4920
Cause High rainfall

In February 2022, heavy rainfall damaged Oroville Dam's main and emergency spillways, prompting the evacuation of more than than 180,000 people living downstream forth the Feather River and the relocation of a fish hatchery.

Heavy rainfall during the 2022 California floods damaged the principal spillway on February vii, and so the California Department of Water Resource stopped the spillway flow to assess the damage and contemplate its next steps. The rain eventually raised the lake level until it flowed over the emergency spillway, even after the damaged primary spillway was reopened. As water flowed over the emergency spillway, headward erosion threatened to undermine and plummet the physical weir, which could take sent a 30-foot (10 m) wall of water into the Plume River below and flooded communities downstream. No collapse occurred, but the water further damaged the main spillway and eroded the bare slope of the emergency spillway.

Background [edit]

Oroville Dam, an important office of the California State H2o Projection, is an earthen beach dam on the Feather River, east of the city of Oroville in Northern California. The dam is used for overflowing control, h2o storage, hydroelectric ability generation, and water quality improvement in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta.[1] : A1, A5 Completed in 1968, information technology is the tallest dam in the United States, at 770 feet (230 m).[2] [1] : A1, A5–A6 It impounds Lake Oroville, the second largest man-made lake in the state of California, capable of storing more than 3.5 million acre-anxiety (4.3 billion cubic meters).[3] [4] The adjacent Edward Hyatt Powerplant has six power-generating turbines with a total installed capacity of 819 megawatts (MW) of electricity.[5]

The Oroville dam before the crisis, with main spillway center and overflow spillway on the left

The Oroville dam before the crisis, with main spillway center and overflow spillway immediately to the left, above vegetation

For alluvion control purposes, some space in Oroville Reservoir has to be kept dry to capture floodwaters, a do that has caused controversy at other dams of California over the amounts of water wasted.[6] Dam operators were required to belch h2o based on charts independent in the Oroville Dam Reservoir Regulation Manual, a flood-command manual developed past the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.[7] [8] : vi–9 At the time of the incident, the Oroville Dam Reservoir Regulation Manual had last been updated in 1970 and the discharge charts were based on climatological information and runoff projections that did not account for climate change or significant floods in 1986 and 1997. In the firsthand aftermath of the incident, it was not articulate if the outdated manual was a pregnant cistron in the February 2022 crisis.[vii] [ix] The Final Study of the Independent Review Board, released xi months afterwards the crisis, did non cite the outdated transmission as a significant factor.[10]

The dam complex was designed with four routes for h2o to pass from Lake Oroville:

  1. Through the hydro-electric generators, which have a combined maximum flow rate of 16,950 cu ft/s (480 m3/s).[5]
  2. Through a river outlet (also known as the bypass valve) that has a capacity of v,400 cu ft/due south (150 yard3/s).[one] : A5–A6
  3. Through the main (service) spillway located on the northwest abutment of the dam, which is used to control the acme of the reservoir by apace releasing large amounts of excess h2o downwards a 3,050 ft (930 k) concrete-lined channel that extends to the river below. Water flow onto the main spillway is controlled by eight radial (Tainter) gates that have a combined maximum discharge capacity of 270,000 cu ft/s (7,600 m3/s) when the lake elevation is 905 anxiety. Since the sill summit of the spillway is 813.6 ft (248.0 thou), it tin can only be used at lake elevations in a higher place that level.[1] : A5–A6 [11]
  4. Over the top of an emergency spillway, consisting of a 1,730-foot (530 grand) long, 30-pes (9.1 1000) high concrete weir beside the primary spillway and the next earthen gradient of the abutment. Once the lake reaches an elevation of 901 ft (275 m) above mean sea level—21 anxiety (6 m) below the acme of the main dam construction—h2o flows, uncontrolled, over the weir and downwards the earthen slope until information technology reaches the river beneath.[12] [one] : A5–A6

In 2005, the dam underwent re-licensing by the Federal Energy Regulatory Committee, during which three environmental advocacy groups filed a motion with the FERC raising concerns about use of the emergency spillway.[ii] [13] The environmental advocacy groups stated a 2002 technical memorandum by the Yuba County H2o Agency that noted that significant erosion of the hillside would occur if the emergency spillway is used, which could cause meaning downstream damage and impair operation of the Edward Hyatt Powerplant.[8] : 13 The groups urged the FERC to condition renewal of the Oroville Dam's license on the lining of the slope of the emergency spillway with concrete and to update the Oroville Dam Reservoir Regulation Manual.[13] [two] [8] : 24–28

According to FERC engineering guidelines, "Emergency spillways may be used to obtain a loftier degree of hydrologic safe with minimal boosted cost. Because of their infrequent use it is acceptable for them to sustain pregnant damage when used and they may be designed with lower structural standards than used for auxiliary spillways."[8] : 18–19 The FERC determined that the emergency spillway structure was compliant with its technology standards and that the erosion concerns raised past the environmental advocacy groups were overblown.[thirteen] The commission also determined that the emergency spillway could handle 300,000 cu ft/south (8,500 thousandthree/due south) of discharge and renewed the dam's license without requiring the concrete lining of the emergency spillway, estimated to cost over $100 1000000.[xiii] [2] A 2022 written report by the Association of Country Dam Safety Officials discovered that the commission relied on original geology reports from the 1960s, stating that the hillside below the emergency spillway was bedrock; it was actually weathered rock subject to deep erosion if the spillway were to be put into use.[xiv]

Partial view of the emergency spillway (left) and the concrete structure containing the gates for the main service spillway (correct)

Prior to February 2022, the main spillway had been last inspected in Baronial 2022. During that inspection, the spillway was visually inspected without inspectors entering the spillway chute. Inspectors entered the spillway chute for inspections in 2022 and 2022 without finding any concerns. Cracks in the physical spillway chute were repaired in 2009 and 2022.[15]

Timeline of crisis [edit]

Timeline of Oroville Dam crisis, February 2022
Oroville Dam normal operations 2005: Upgrade proposal rejected 7 Feb 2022: Main spillway fails
raw instance of images below text
1. The lake level is controlled using the master spillway gate, which releases water down the concrete spillway to get to the river below.
two. The emergency spillway, which has a 30 ft (nine m) high concrete wall at the top of a loma, is unused. 		Despite concerns that the emergency spillway is vulnerable to erosion, a $100 million request by environmentalists to upgrade it to a physical-lined auxiliary spillway is rejected by the federal regulators. Craters announced in the primary spillway. To avert increasing the damage to the spillway, water releases are slowed allowing the lake to ascension.
OROVILLE DAM 1.svg OROVILLE DAM 2.svg OROVILLE DAM 3.svg
11 February 2022: Emergency spillway used 13 Feb 2022: Repairs fabricated Potential risks
Water flows over the emergency spillway causing erosion and damage. This is by design and prevents water going over the peak of the main dam. However the ground erodes faster than expected. Rocks and physical (one) are placed under the emergency spillway weir to repair erosion harm (two). The release of water into the main spillway is increased, to lower the lake in preparation for more rain. This erodes the adjacent hillside considerably, generating a debris dam (3) that blocks the river and forces the closure of the hydroelectric institute. While the primary 770 ft (230 thou) dam is not threatened, if the erosion on either spillway reaches the top, it would cause the weir or gate (respectively) to collapse, causing a large uncontrolled water release and life-threatening floods.
OROVILLE DAM 4.svg OROVILLE DAM 5.svg OROVILLE DAM 6.svg
version 3 – February 28, 2022 public domain OK to share and utilise

Primary spillway harm [edit]

In early on February 2022, high inflows to Lake Oroville acquired dam operators to starting time using the concrete chief spillway to control the lake level.[sixteen] Between Feb half dozen–x, 2022, 12.8 in (330 mm) of pelting vicious on the Plume River Bowl. Inflow of water into Lake Oroville rose from thirty,000 cu ft/s (850 chiliadiii/s) on February vi to over 130,000 cu ft/south (three,700 one thousand3/s) at mid-24-hour interval on February vii, before subsiding to nearly 75,000 cu ft/south (2,100 m3/s) the post-obit twenty-four hours.[17] Dam operators began increasing the flow downwards the master spillway to 54,500 cu ft/due south (one,540 chiliadthree/south) on Feb 7 only before long noticed an unusual flow blueprint.[17] The period of h2o down the spillway was stopped for investigation, revealing a crater about halfway downwardly the spillway where the physical lining was eroded through and water was escaping the concrete chute.[17] [xviii] The DWR consulted with FERC and other dam safety agencies about the issue and prepared for the possibility of using the emergency spillway.[17]

During ii test flows down the spillway on February eight–9, the length of the crater increased from 250 ft (76 m) to 300 ft (91 thousand).[18] Meanwhile, the level of Lake Oroville was rise as inflow into Lake Oroville skyrocketed from almost 130,000 cu ft/s (3,700 grand3/s) on February 7 to a peak of 190,435 cu ft/s (5,395 thousand3/s) late on February 9.[17] The DWR was then confronted with ii choices: utilize the primary spillway, knowing it would probable be further damaged, or permit Lake Oroville to rise until it overtopped the emergency spillway.[18]

March 2022

February 7, 2022

February 27, 2022

Damage to the main spillway began as a crater in the heart (heart) and eventually resulted in a separate channel eroded to the side (right). At left, the chief spillway is shown in March 2022 while at its maximum discharge rate.

On February ix, the chief spillway was reopened. DWR hoped that using the damaged spillway with a limited flow could drain the lake enough to avoid use of the emergency spillway, which would potentially harm powerlines servicing the hydroelectric plant.[19] The following 24-hour interval, discharge on the main spillway was reduced from 65,000 cu ft/s (ane,800 miii/s) to 55,000 cu ft/due south (ane,600 m3/south), just this flow was non plenty to prevent the lake from rising.[20] [21] [17] On February xi, the lake level reached 901 ft (275 m) above hateful sea level and water began flowing—as designed—over the concrete weir forth the height of the emergency spillway, cascading onto the emergency spillway for the commencement time in the dam's history.[12]

Emergency spillway damage [edit]

H2o flowing into Oroville Dam'south master spillway (lesser) and flood into the emergency spillway (superlative), Feb xi, 2022

As the lake level rose, measures were taken to prepare the emergency spillway for use. On Feb 10, 2022, workers began clear-cutting trees on the hillside beneath the emergency spillway.[22]

Before long later on eight:00 am on February xi, 2022, the emergency spillway began carrying water for the first time since the dam'south structure in 1968.[23] Because the spillway was a separate structure from the dam, officials stated that there was no danger of the main beach being breached, and evacuation of Oroville was not considered at that fourth dimension, as officials stated that there was no threat to public rubber. The uncontrolled flow over the weir topped out at 12,600 cu ft/south (360 mthree/southward).[24] [25]

Erosion at the base of the weir—which was expected—progressed much faster than anticipated.[17] The headward erosion of the emergency spillway threatened to undermine and collapse the concrete weir, in which case a xxx-foot (ix one thousand) wall of water would exist sent into the Plume River beneath and flood communities downstream.[12] Fearing a collapse, the Butte County Sheriff's Office issued an evacuation order of the Oroville area.[12] [17] To ease pressure on the emergency spillway and prevent a possible plummet of the weir, the DWR nearly doubled the discharge volume of the main spillway from 55,000 cu ft/south (ane,600 kthree/south) to 100,000 cu ft/s (2,800 mthree/s).[17] Several hours later, water stopped flowing over the weir onto the emergency spillway and officials began assessing the state of the emergency spillway.[17]

Evacuation of the Plume River Bowl [edit]

Aerial view of spillways and erosion on February 12

On February 12, 2022, evacuation was ordered for those in low-lying areas along the Feather River Bowl in Butte, Yuba and Sutter counties, because of an predictable failure of the emergency spillway.[26] Specifically, erosion on the hillside was growing uphill toward the physical lip of the emergency spillway, leading to the fright that information technology would collapse. A failure of the physical meridian of the spillway would allow up to 30 feet (9 one thousand) vertical of Lake Oroville through the gap in an uncontrolled deluge.[27] The flow over the master spillway was increased to 100,000 cu ft/s (2,800 m3/southward) to try to slow the erosion of the emergency spillway.[28]

Past 9 p.one thousand. on the evening of February 12, the increased menstruum had successfully lowered the water level to below the emergency spillway peak, causing the emergency spillway to finish overflowing. The stop in water period allowed the erosion there to be hastily inspected and stabilized with boulders.[27] Engineers worried that the damage would be transferred to the main spillway, not merely making future repairs more expensive, but as well that the damage to the main spillway could grow uphill to the signal that it endangered the principal spillway gates, leaving no safe way to release water. The extent of such harm was unknown; information technology was expected to exist assessed on the morning time of February 13.[27] On February 13 helicopters began to drop sandbags and large rocks in the surface area of the now-dry emergency spillway, in order to protect the base from erosion.[29] [30] By February thirteen, 188,000 people in the vicinity were reported evacuated.[31] About 23,000 National Guardsmen were ordered to exist fix for "immediate deployment if the dam spillway should neglect" to help with evacuation and relief efforts.[29] On February 14, at two:45PM local time, the evacuation guild above was reduced to an evacuation watch by emergency management officials and the State of California Department of Water Resources, and people were allowed to render to the evacuated areas.[32]

  • Level of Lake Oroville, February 3–23

  • Chart of Lake Oroville inflow and outflow, Feb 4–25

  • Emergency shoring of the emergency spillway with rock and concrete (February 16)

  • Rock being loaded into bags for transport by helicopter (upper correct) to reinforce the emergency spillway (February 13)

  • Closeup view of emergency reinforcement (concrete over rocks) on emergency spillway (Feb 19)

  • Aerial view of erosion on the emergency spillway (Feb 16)

  • Senator Kamala Harris joins local officials in performing an aeriform inspection of the dam (February 23)

  • Eroded soil and debris blocking Feather River (Feb 27)

Downstream furnishings [edit]

Baby salmon being rounded upwardly (left) from the murky waters at the Plumage River Fish Hatchery, due to soil eroded at the spillway, and unloaded at the Thermalito Afterbay Circuitous (right)

The immediate harm from the impairment is express to the expanse downstream of the breach, eroding the hillside to class a canyon. Yet, a major danger is that the spillway can erode back up toward the gate because of being undercut by the water falling into the crater. Eventually, this would threaten the spillway gate, in close proximity to the actual abutment of the dam.[20]

Nearly 150,000 cubic yards (110,000 thousand3)[33] of erosion debris chock-full the aqueduct of the Plumage River beneath the dam, preventing release of water from the hydroelectric plant, thus reducing the overall capacity of the dam to release water.[20] Debris was carried downstream and caused harm to the Feather River Fish Hatchery due to loftier turbidity.[34] Country workers began evacuating fish and eggs from the hatchery in an attempt to mitigate the damage and evacuated over nine million fish downstream to a satellite hatchery next to Thermalito Afterbay.[35] [36]

On February 27, the flow to the spillway was temporarily shut off, assuasive crews to brainstorm removing droppings in the river in training to restart the power plant.[37] After the spillway was close off, it appeared that headward erosion along the spillway channel had mostly stabilized, reducing the immediate threat of a gate failure and uncontrolled h2o release.[38] The bedrock under the upper one-half of the spillway appears to be much stronger than the rock which was washed out nether the midsection of the spillway. In addition, the force of the falling h2o had excavated the original crater into a deep plunge pool which acts as a hydraulic cushion, dissipating much of the energy that otherwise might have caused additional damage to the spillway.[39]

Investigation [edit]

The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) ordered the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) to assemble a team of five independent experts to assess the dam and issue recommendations.[xl] On Feb 17, 2022, the DWR commissioned an independent Board of Consultants (BOC) to investigate causes, review and comment on repairs to Oroville Dam.[41] Memoranda (reports) prepared by the BOC are posted at the DWR web site.[42] DWR also assembled an Independent Forensic Team (IFT) to decide the cause of the spillways incident, including effects of operations, management, structural design and geological conditions, and the IFT published a virtually 600-page report in January 2022.[10] [43] The DWR too requested full-time FERC staff to provide immediate oversight, review, and approval of repair plans that would brand the dam safety for the 2022–xviii overflowing season.[43]

Department of Water Resources 2022–xviii Operations Plan [edit]

The DWR prepared a Lake Oroville 2022/2018 Flood Control Season Operations Plan.[44]

Public hearings [edit]

On May xi, 2022, a hearing took identify. During the hearing, California Department of H2o Resources came nether criticism for ignoring alert signs in the spillway'due south designs. Butte County Supervisor also complained that DWR had broken promise with Oroville, as the county had to spend $5.three million annually for dam-related services, while getting no bounty from the state. Witnesses also stated that DWR did not take safety seriously.[45]

Repairs [edit]

The Oroville Dam chief spillway on August 5, 2022, during stage 2 repairs

The main spillway was successfully reconstructed by Nov 1, 2022.[46]

According to its 2022–18 operations plan, the DWR maintained Lake Oroville at a lower than normal level to reduce the possibility that the spillway would have to be used the following winter.[47]

In a 2nd stage of spillway repairs in 2022–19, temporary repairs on the main spillway done during Stage 1 were being torn out and replaced with steel-reinforced structural concrete.[48]

On April two, 2022, due to heavy rainfall upstream, the DWR began releasing water over the newly reconstructed spillway at a charge per unit of 8,300 cu ft/s (240 m3/due south).[49] Releases were increased to 25,000 cu ft/s (710 m3/s) on Apr seven to test how the spillway performed in college flows. They were decreased to xv,000 cu ft/due south (420 one thousand3/south) on April 9.

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d due east "Oroville Facilities (FERC Project No. 2100)" (PDF). California Department of Water Resources. January 2005. Retrieved February 13, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d Guerra, Christine (Feb 14, 2022). "The government was warned that the Oroville Dam emergency spillway was unsafe. It didn't listen". Washington Mail . Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  3. ^ "Alphabetical Listing of California Dams (Over twoscore,000 acre feet)". Ceremonious and Environmental Engineering. University of California Davis. Archived from the original on February 5, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
  4. ^ Boxall, Bettina; McGreevy, Patrick (February 12, 2022). "Thanks to storm runoff, there's a lot of h2o over California'south second-largest reservoir". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved September x, 2022.
  5. ^ a b "Hyatt Powerplant". California Section of H2o Resources. Archived from the original on Apr 7, 2022. Retrieved Feb 13, 2022.
  6. ^ "Largest California reservoirs releasing water for flood safety". sacbee . Retrieved February 18, 2022.
  7. ^ a b Sabalow, Ryan; Furillo, Andy (February xv, 2022). "Oroville Dam'due south inundation-control manual hasn't been updated for half a century". Sacraento Bee . Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  8. ^ a b c d Stork, Ronald; Eberhart, Allan; Rainey, Jason (October 17, 2005). "Move to Arbitrate of Friends of the River, Sierra Order, Southward Yuba River Citizens League" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 18, 2022. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  9. ^ "Oroville Dam Manual Last Updated in 1970". U.Southward. News and Earth Study. Associated Press. Feb 16, 2022. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  10. ^ a b Independent Forensic Team (January 5, 2022). "Independent Forensic Squad Report: Oroville Dam Spillway Incident" (PDF) . Retrieved June 14, 2022.
  11. ^ "Image: Alluvion Control Outlet Rating Curve". reddit . Retrieved November thirteen, 2022.
  12. ^ a b c d Plumer, Brad (Feb 13, 2022). "The Crisis at Oroville Dam, Explained". Vox.
  13. ^ a b c d Rogers, Paul (Feb 12, 2022). "Oroville Dam: Feds and land officials ignored warnings 12 years ago". The Mercury News . Retrieved Feb 23, 2022.
  14. ^ https://damsafety.org/sites/default/files/files/Independent%20Forensic%20Team%20Report%20Final%2001-05-18.pdf pg53
  15. ^ Pritchard, Justin; Knickmeyer, Ellen (February xv, 2022). "Cracks may offer clues to California dam'southward troubles". Associated Press. Retrieved March one, 2022.
  16. ^ Graff, Amy (February 10, 2022). "Gaping hole in Oroville Dam spillway is growing, officials warn". SFGate . Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  17. ^ a b c d e f m h i j "Lake Oroville Spillway Incident: Timeline of Major Events February 4–25" (PDF). California Department of Water Resources. February 27, 2022. Retrieved March ane, 2022.
  18. ^ a b c Kasler, Dale; Sabalow, Ryan; Reese, Phillip. "Crater in Oroville Dam spillway volition continue to grow, officials warn, as reservoir levels climb". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
  19. ^ "Sacrificing California spillway may avoid emergency releases". Retrieved February 11, 2022.
  20. ^ a b c "Employ of untested emergency spillway yet once more a possibility at crippled Oroville Dam". Sacramento Bee . Retrieved Feb 12, 2022.
  21. ^ CA DWR (February ten, 2022). "Lake Oroville Releases Slowed to Avert Erosion" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 13, 2022. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
  22. ^ "In Historic Kickoff, Lake Oroville Flows Over Dam'south Emergency Spillway". KQED News. February eleven, 2022. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved February eleven, 2022.
  23. ^ "The Latest: Emergency Spillway Apply Probable at Oroville Dam". ABC News. Associated Press. February 10, 2022. Retrieved February ten, 2022.
  24. ^ "Water flowing out of Lake Oroville emergency spillway". SF Gate. Feb 12, 2022. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
  25. ^ @CA_DWR (February 12, 2022). "Flows down the emergency spillway peaked concluding night at one a.m. at 12,600 cfs. Lake meridian levels are trending down.@CALFIRE_ButteCo" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  26. ^ KCRA Staff (February thirteen, 2022). "Thousands from Yuba, Butte, Sutter counties evacuated". KCRA . Retrieved Feb 13, 2022.
  27. ^ a b c Reese, Phillip; Sabalow, Ryan (February 12, 2022). "Experts: Country left with few options while trying to avert disaster at Oroville Dam". Sacramento Bee.
  28. ^ "BREAKING: Fearing collapse of emergency spillway at Oroville Dam, Oroville evacuated". Sacramento Bee. Feb 12, 2022. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
  29. ^ a b "Tons Of Rocks Eternalize Declining Oroville Dam Spillway". CBS Bay Area. February 13, 2022. Retrieved February thirteen, 2022.
  30. ^ "Updates: New storms approach, but officials confident Oroville Dam and spillways will hold up". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
  31. ^ Schmidt, Samantha and Hawkins, Dave (February 13, 2022). "'Not a drill': 188,000 evacuated, emergency alleged, as Calif'southward massive Oroville Dam threatens floods". Washington Postal service . Retrieved February thirteen, 2022.
  32. ^ "Sheriff Allows Oroville Dam Evacuees To Go Home". CBS SF Bay Area. February 14, 2022.
  33. ^ Serna, Joseph; Sahagun, Louis (February 17, 2022). "150,000 cubic yards of debris stand in the way of Oroville Dam'due south hydroelectric plant restart". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 18, 2022.
  34. ^ "Fish evacuated from Feather River Hatchery". KRCR. February eleven, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2022.
  35. ^ "The Latest: California lake impairment may near $100 one thousand thousand". NewsOK.com. February 10, 2022. Retrieved Feb 11, 2022.
  36. ^ "'Amazing technology feat' saves millions of fish at Feather River Fish Hatchery". ChicoER. Feb eleven, 2022. Retrieved Feb 13, 2022.
  37. ^ Sabalow, Ryan (February 28, 2022). "Oroville Dam's power constitute may exist operational by Thursday". Sacramento Bee . Retrieved February 28, 2022.
  38. ^ Fimrite, Peter (Feb 28, 2022). "Dramatic new images show scale of damage to Oroville Dam spillway". SFGate . Retrieved February 28, 2022.
  39. ^ Sabalow, Ryan (February 26, 2022). "Tin can Oroville Dam's badly damaged spillway hold up through the rainy season?". Sacramento Bee . Retrieved March ane, 2022.
  40. ^ Sabalow, Ryan (February 13, 2022). "Feds society independent review of Oroville Dam spillway problems". Sacramento Bee . Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  41. ^ California Section of Water Resource (November twenty, 2022). "Oroville Spillways Incident, Lath of Consultants". Archived from the original on Jan thirty, 2022. Retrieved January 29, 2022.
  42. ^ Lath of Consultants (December 20, 2022). "Reports from the Lake Oroville Spillways Recovery Project Lath of Consultants". Archived from the original on January 30, 2022. Retrieved January 29, 2022.
  43. ^ a b Ingram, Elizabeth (Feb 22, 2022). "California DWR selects contained board of consultants to investigate Oroville Dam". HydroWorld . Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  44. ^ DWR (October 16, 2022). "Lake Oroville 2022/2018 Flood Control Flavor Operations Plan" (PDF) . Retrieved January 30, 2022.
  45. ^ Vartabedian, Ralph (May 12, 2022). "State officials get slammed for the Oroville Dam spillway failure at Sacramento hearing". Retrieved May 31, 2022.
  46. ^ "Oroville Spillways Recovery". California Department of Water Resources. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
  47. ^ DWR (Oct sixteen, 2022). "Lake Oroville 2022/2018 Flood Control Flavour Operations Programme" (PDF) . Retrieved January 30, 2022.
  48. ^ Harvey, Chuck. "Kiewit Leads Phase II of Oroville Dam Spillway Repairs". ConstructionEquipmentGuide.com . Retrieved August seven, 2022.
  49. ^ "DWR Uses Oroville Main Spillway". water.ca.gov . Retrieved April 3, 2022.

External links [edit]

  • Media related to 2022 Oroville Dam crisis at Wikimedia Commons
  • Oroville Spillways Incident, California Department of Water Resource
  • Photogallery of the incident from the California Department of Water Resources
  • Dramatic Satellite Images Bear witness the Oroville Dam from Drought to Overflow
  • Independent Forensic Team Report

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroville_Dam_crisis

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